5/17/2023 0 Comments Coccinella burnetii![]() Control strategies involving inappropriate use of acaricides or incorrect concentrations may result in unacceptable residues. However, diazinon has less prolonged residual activity as compared with organophosphates which are not recommended for use in lactating cows ( De Meneghi et al. , 1972 Bull and McDougall, 1974) and sheep ( Formica, 1973). In the last decade, health concerns were highlighted in several studies, as a result of the presence of residues of diazinon in the milk of cows ( Hastie, 1963 Mathysse and Fisk, 1968 Leschchev et al. (2012) tested the efficacy of four different acaricides namely ivermectin, deltamethrin, diazinon and amitraz against H. Straten and Jongejan (1993) evaluated the efficacy of ivermectin against H. (2003) reported the efficacy results of cardiac glycosides, azadrichtin and Neem oil against H. dromedarii infecting camels in Jigjiga, Eastern Ethiopia. (2015) examined the acaricidal efficacy of amitraz and diazinon in vitro and in vivo against Rhipicephalus pulchellus and H. For example, El-Azazy and Lucas (1996) tested the efficacy of flumethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid) on the fertility of engorged females of H. Several studies have focused on testing the efficacy of a wide range of acaricides against ticks ( in vitro, in vivo and both). ![]() deltamethrin, flumethrin, permethrin and decamethrin), and amidines ( e.g. diazinon, dioxathion and coumaphos), carbamates ( e.g. The following acaricides have been extensively used and commonly recommended for use in tick control, organophosphates ( e.g. Tick control is mainly based on the direct application or injecting ( e.g. Malignant theileriosis, caused by Theileriahirci, is an economically important disease in small ruminants, especially in sheep ( Uilenberg, 1997). impeltatum was associated with the majority of Theileria-infested sheep in Saudi Arabia. It is also considered to be a vector of the CCHF virus ( Dohm et al. impeltatum parasitizes birds, leporids, rodents, and lizards ( Apanaskevich and Horak, 2009). The cattle tick ( Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze and Schlottke) is widely distributed in Saudi Arabia, the Near East and south-western part of Central Asia and Africa north of the equator ( Apanaskevich and Horak, 2009). , 1992) and theileriosis of camel ( Theileria camelensis) and cattle ( Theileria annulata) ( Hoogstraal et al. , 1984), spotted fever rickettsia ( Rickettsia rickettsia) ( Lange et al. , 1981), Quaranfil virus ( Converse and Moussa, 1982), Q fever ( Coxiellaburnetii) ( Bazlikova et al. , 1982), Dera Ghazi Khan virus, Dhori virus ( Hoogstraal et al. dromedarii is a carrier of many life-threatening viral diseases such as the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus ( Hoogstraal, 1979 Rodringuez et al. dromedarii is also associated with camels but can parasitize a wide variety of birds, rodents, hares and hedgehogs ( Hoogstraal, 1956). dromedarii is mainly hosted by camels and cattle but it prefers camels while the adults of horses, sheep, donkeys, buffaloes and mules are less common hosts ( Montasser, 2006). ![]() The camel tick ( Hyalomma dromedarii Koch), is distributed wherever camels are found in the desert, semi-desert and steppes ( Hoogstraal et al. Therefore, it can be used to develop a new and safe strategy for controlling ticks, so as to produce dairy and meat products with minimal residual contamination. ![]() Huwa-San TR50 was found to be moderately effective in killing both tick species. ![]() impeltatum at 14,000 ppm of Huwa-San TR50. impeltatum after 24 h of direct exposure (direct spray treatment) whereas in the dipping treatment, the mortality was 60% and 70% for H. This study recorded an increase in percentage mortality with increasing concentrations of Huwa-San TR50 and this resulted in mortalities of 66.5% for H. A marked reduction in the movement of both tick species was observed 24h of applying Huwa-San TR50, at 10,000 ppm and above. Both tick species were susceptible to certain concentrations of Huwa-San TR50: 4,000, 8,000, 10,000, 12,000 and 14,000 ppm. Huwa-San TR50 is a formulation of hydrogen peroxide, stabilized by the addition of a small quantity of silver and is extensively used as a disinfectant. In this study, an alternative control method was developed for camel tick ( Hyalomma dromedarii Koch) and cattle tick ( Hyalomma impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke), to replace the widely used traditional acaricides. ![]()
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